Snow Depth Measurement Using Ultrasonic Sensor

Abstract

Snow measurements are essential for studying climate, predicting drought, and assessing water availability. Like other parts of the Himalayas, Bhutan's rivers are fed by glaciers and snowmelt. Scientific studies conducted in Bhutan have primarily focused on glaciers, glacial lakes, and glacial outburst floods, while their dynamics have received significant attention. However, snow depth and its contribution to runoff have been largely overlooked. The effective use of snow data can lead to more efficient decision-making that affects many sectors of a country's economy. Snowfall and snow depth, along with their water equivalents, are among the most challenging but important weather elements to measure accurately and consistently. In this project, techniques for measuring snow depth using an ultrasonic sensor with a PIC microcontroller are being developed. Ultrasonics is based on the application of ultrasound, which is a common method for range finding. These devices operate at frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to several megahertz. Ultrasonic sensors work on a principle similar to radar or sonar, evaluating attributes of a target by interpreting echoes from ratio or sound waves, respectively. Essentially, the use of ultrasonic sensors is one of the most reliable and inexpensive methods for distance measurement.