Human Wildlife Conflicts in Central Bhutan: Farmers’ Perceptions of Drivers, Mitigation Strategies, and Adoption of Digital Twin Technology

Abstract

This study examines human-wildlife conflict (HWC) and its socio-economic and environmental consequences in farming communities of Dangkhar Trong Chiwog, Zhemgang, Bhutan. Using a qualitative study approach, data were collected through focus group discussions (n=30) and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. All participating farmers (100%) reported the prevalence of crop depredation by wild animals, with losses being more severe in fields located closer to forest edges. Wild boar, sambardeer, and rodents were identified as the most damaging species, causing significant damage to cereals, livestock, vegetables, and cash crops. These losses impose severe socio-economic burdens on affected households, including reduced income, intensified labour demands, and heightened food insecurity, while contributing to broader ecological degradation through habitat fragmentation and increased human-wildlife conflict zones. Key conflict drivers include habitat encroachment, expanding wildlife species, and cultural and legal prohibition against retaliatory killing. Traditional conflict mitigation remains widespread but provides only temporary relief. All participating farmers expressed strong interest in digital solutions, including solar and electric fencing, and smart technologies such as Digital Twin and deterrent systems for real-time monitoring. The findings revealed a need for robust national policies and strategies to integrate digital technology pathways, community-led governance, and long-term mitigation interventions to achieve sustained human-wildlife coexistence in Bhutan.